
ѵ̳̣ڶԪ ֪ʶ ڶ Ĺ֪ʶ()


 

ڶ Ĺ֪ʶ 

һĸ 

 Ķ 

ԹżУʲôǡӲͬĽǶȳвͬ⡣ϿСϽˡ¡⣬һΧԱаźʹĽǲϸرеġڹĶ壬δõϺͳһѧߴӲͬоǶȳԹ˲ͬĽͣндԵУѧҺղءA(Herbert A Simon)ΪǾߡ 

ǰձԼŷ޸һЩѧ̿УҲԹвͬĶ壬磺һ߸Э˵ĻԱյ˵յЧеĻǼƻ֯ƵȻĹ̡ǳﻮ֯Ϳһ֯һ˵ĹһʵеĶ壬ɰһֻĳЩְܣԱЧػȡ˵ŬԴʵĳĿꡣͨɹ 

˵ǴӲͬĲ棬ͬĽǶȽʾ˹ĺ壬ǽʾĳһԡΪԡ¶ܹȫںӣָһ֯еĹߣͨʵʩƻ֯Ա䱸ָ쵼ƵְЭ˵ĻʹͬԼһʵּȶĿĻ̡ 

 Ļ 

Ϊ˸ȫĸѧоص㡢ΧݣǻԴ¼һչһЩһĻֻҪڣͻйڡӿѧĶϽڹ߱Ҫȱһɡ 

(1)ϵļġġȻ 

(2)һϿɵġԾĿꡣ 

 ġ塱֯ 

ǰ潲ʵй㷺ڣҴǰҲԿǴһ֮֯СΪʵձ֯ҲŴںбҪϵɵģΪһĿЭļγ֯ͬһУڲͬĵϵУмƻһЭͬͶͶʽЭЧЭҪ֯Ҫ֯ʵʩи֯ľʽṦܵĲͬв죬֯ĻҪͬġ֯ڲһҪأ˗Ϳ壻ͼĿ塢ֶκʵʷӳķֹϵ͹ʽϢý顢ݣͬʱҲǹĿ壻ĿėּΪʲôҪ֯ĺĿ㷺֯ΪϵͳеһϵͳȻҪΧӰ죬֯ŸⲿҪأҵͬҵľֺҵ״ԭϹӦأԴʽԴг޼ξƣĻ 

ˣһ֯ĽͷչҪ߱ڲҪأҪܵһϵⲿصӰԼ֯Уһͨʹְֹܣʹ֯ΪĸҪصĺãӶﵽʵ֯ĿеĻһκʡκ͵֯Ǿձġ 

 ְܡ 

Ϊһƺάһϵʹһϵйܹͬþٵ֧(ȵ)ȥʵǼȶĿꡣͨеģǽй壬˰ִйͳΪԱߡ(manageral people)ȻҲǹԱ 

˵ĹԱû쵼(executive)Ա(administrator)Լ쵼 (supervisor)Щȼ֮֡ȻЩԱΪ֯ͺеľ幤ͬڲͬĵλͼ𣬵βͬĹְӵвͬȨΧͬΣǵͬģΪ֯гԱͱһֻʹпԷԼܣͨŬȥʵ֯ĿꡣǹԱͬǵĹ֯ҪǽϵĹԱͳΪԱ(manager)һ˾УܲûǾžܵȣԱ֮С 

Ϊһ̣ҪӵãǹߵְܣҲͨ˵ĹְܡԹְܣڵĹһΪмƻִСְܡķԼΪְܣƻָ֯ӡЭͿơĹְܣƻ֯¡ָӡЭ桢Ԥ㡣ѧҿ״ĵĹ۵㣬ƻ֯Ա䱸ָ쵼ְܡھݣԺƪϸ 

  ͹ԱĻְͬģƻ֯Ա䱸ָ쵼ơԱ֯ĲβִͬЩְʱҲ͸вء֯еԱһΪΣϲ(top manager)в(middle maneger)ͻ(first line manager supervisor)ͼ111ʾĲͬΣǽвصְִܡ 

 ĺǴ˼ʹϵ 

Ǹ˵Ļһ֯ʵʩġԱҪְΧЭԱΪҪñͬԼһȥ֯ĿĻ֯еκ¶ʹģԱȹֹ£ʵҲǹˣʼգÿһ϶˴򽻵ģ˵ĺǴ֯еĸ˼ʹϵԱ֮ĹϵǸ˼ʹϵģ֯ڵһԱ֮Ĺϵڹ뱻ϵ֮Ĺϵֹϵ֯дڣֱӱΪ֯գȺ֮ĹϵȺ֯ڲ壬ʽʽ֣֮ʽָ֯ڰרҵֵֹĸţʽָʽһЩԱΪĳֹͬĸҪγɵһε壬Ҫӷʽã֮ʽ֮Ĺϵ 

 ߵĽɫ 

ѧұ˵áF³(Peter F.Drucker)1955ߵĽɫ(The role of the manager)ĸһǶԹ⡣³ΪһεֳͨģԹݵĽɫϷࣺ 

1һ֯(managing a business) 

֯ͷչ˱룺 

(1)ȷ֯ǸʲôģӦʲôĿ꣬βȡʩʵĿꣻ 

(2)֯Ч棻 

(3)Ϊ񡱺͡˿͡ 

2(managing manager) 

֯ϡСУ˶ǹߣֶǱߣ˱룺 

(1)ȷ¼롢ԸŬܳŹͬĿǰ 

(2)ľ 

(3)ѵ¼ 

(4)ȫ֯ṹ 

3˺͹(managing workers &work) 

Ҫʶǰ᣺ 

(1)ڹǲϼ䶯ģͶͶߵıԽԽ󣻪 (2)ˣҪȷʶ졢ˡΪ˵ϡڴԱ໥ϵҪԡ 

ϷҲԿĺǴ˼ʹϵ 

 Ŀѧ 

ĿѧǹΪһ̣һϵл͹۹ɡǾεʧܺͳɹͨʵռɡݣ裬֤裬гܽһϵзӳп͹۹ɵĹۺһ㷽ЩۺͷָԼĹʵԹĽʹõۺͷǷȷǷ֮ЧӶʹĿѧۺͷʵеõϵ֤ͷḻ˵һſѧָԷӳ͹۹ɵĹۺͷΪָһ׷⡢Ŀѧķۡ 

  

Ծǿʵԣûʵν˵ƾͣ鱾ϵĹۣԭ͹ʽйǲܱ֤ɹġԱڹʵзӻԡԺʹԣ˵ؽ֪ʶϣܽЧĹԣԣǿҪһۺͷ⣬ҪЩ֪ʶͼܵļɺ;ϡ 

ӹĿѧԿ֪׿гЧĹԶݵĹ۵Ϊġˣ֮䲻ǻų⣬ǻಹġǰԭйȻʵЧûչۺͻ֪ʶԱڽйʱȻǿֱȥľ£ҵԹĿеġĽ취ԣרҵѵѵƷԱȴΪͨʵһѵԱһõĿˣΪɫԱ֪ʶ¼ʵĻȻƾҲԱ֤ĳɹǻ붮ʵǣһҲǷǳҪġѧԺҵ˹أĳо͹ϵͳ˾ܾڼ䣬ͨԴùѧ˶ʿѧλʵʹеʹ÷֣ѧУĳɼͬϻõҵ֮䲢ֱӹϵΪѧɼҵϵĳɹȣܹýľһλеˡ 

ѧص 

 ѧص 

һ˵ѧص㡣 

(1)һԡѧΪһѧڡ۹ѧ͡΢۹ѧойеĹԭĻѧƣǡ۹ǡ΢۹ҪѧԭΪѧϰоѧǸžĻרŵĹѧƵĹͬ 

(2)ԣۺԡѧۺԱΪϣҪĸ򡢸Լֲͬ֯ĹиͳԸžѧƶձָĹ˼롢ԭͷڷϣҪۺִѧȻѧͼѧĳɹоձڵĻɺһ㷽ǺܸӵĻӰһǶֶġù뿼ǵ֯ڲ֯ⲿĶִ۸ӵأþѧѧѧ̼ѧѧѧѧΪѧȵоɹ˳ѧϵͳ̡ϢۡۡӼ³ɾͣԹжԵͶԤ⣬о֮ЧĹָۣʵʹԴӹѧѧ໥ϵ˵ѧһŽѧƻԵѧƣҪۺѧƵĳɹܷԼһۺԵѧơ (3)ʷԡκһ۶ʵʷĲѧǡѧǶǰ˹ʵ͹˼롢۵ܽᡢͷչʷ˽ʷչǰ˶Թܽᣬʷ죬ͺ⽨ѧݡ 

(4)ʵԣʵԡѧΪṩ¹õۡԭͷʵѧơʵԱΪпԣĿԱ׼ͨЧЧԺġˣѧһʵѧƣֻаѹͬʵϣѧƵá 

 ݺͷΧ 

(1)شʷķоʵ˼롢۵γɡݱ䡢չ֪ż 

(2)شӹ߳о̣ҪУ 

ٹЩְܣ 

ִЩְ漰֯еЩҪأ 

ִиְӦѭЩԭЩ򡢼 

ְִܹлЩϰ 

ο˷Щϰ 

 ѧϰҪ 

1.ִеĵλþѧϰѧıҪԺҪ 

ѧˮƽӶƶᷢչĽ̡ǣȽĿѧûȽĹˮƽûӦĹѧķչȽĿѧ޷õƹЧõġҲܵõֵķӣһ谭ߡˣڵձΪȽĿѧȽĹѧƶִᷢչġ֡ȱһɡһ㣬Ϊҵķչ֤Ϊִչ֧֮һѧͼ㶦19ʱѧرܻӭ2040Ժȴǹ˲ŵˡЩִķչռкҪĵλźܴá 

2.δҪ 

಻ȱٵҪδṲͬͶĹģͶֹЭӾϸữӣ͸Ҫˡྭũҵҵ˳Ժȫ¼ΪҪġ˳þͻǵߣԤ⣬ȫµļٶȵķչؽҪһ׸ѧĹʹµļµԴµĲϳַǵãȥڣδĹδнڸҪĵλ 

ϵͳѧϰоѧ 

ҪЧĹӰеĸؼ໥֮ĹϵġϵͳķоγɹĿеĻۺͺľ߻ġϵͳоѧϰϵͳĹ۵оѧϰԭ͹νϵͳָ໥ú໥ɲֽϳɵġضܵл塣ϵͳһϵͳɲ֡壬һϵͳĸۺͼҲһϵͳӹĽǶȿϵͳ壺һָϵͳһʵ壻ָϵͳһֶַΡ߼ϵ  

ڷоϵͳʱҪΪһʵе 

(1)ԡɸְ໥ϵ໥ùɵл壬ĸҪصļ򵥵ӡ 

(2)ĿԡϵͳĿľҪʹ֯еĸҪصõãԴֵṩ񣬴ӶȡŵľЧЧ档 

(3)ԡ̱һϵͳϵͳеɲ֣ˣڲϵⲿỷʡϢĽпŵص㡣 

(4)ԡиضǹ̶ģ˹ϵͳתĸأʹȡøĹЧ 

(5)໥ԡĸҪ֮໥棬ҹҲ໥ġ 

6)ԡ̾ϢĻƣʹܹʱ׼ȷرƶõЧĹ 

ϵͳΪһֶַλۣҪоͽʱ۵㡢ŵġԡյġ۵㡢ϢĹ۵㡢ּ۵㡢Ч۵ȵйϵͳĻ۵㡣 

ѧϰĸۺͷҲҪϵͳĹ۵ָͨйְܵչϵͳоĹ̡ɡԭͷ⣬һֶԱ˵Ƚкʵʵоѧϰķѧ׶áˣѧϰѧܰѸְܹѿӦǵ̵лɲϵͳط˼ӶʶΪһԱӦЩʲôѹãԼص֪ʶЩ 

ġѧչʷ 

ԴԶԹżУγһױȽۣǾһʷչ̡ˣع˹ѧγ뷢չ˽һЩԹۺʵĹףԼݱʷÿѧϰѧ˵ǱҪġ 

ʷϿἸͬʱԴᣬǵ벻Թʵͳˡǵʵ֮󣬲˶ЩʵεġµġõġĻĻڽ̵Ļо̽ڵĻۺܽᣬԹʵ˳ʶͼ⣬Ӷʼγɹ˼롣ķչѧĽֶԹ˼ԽһܽᣬдйԵĶΪһּ裬Ͽѧķչڹʵн̶֤֤ԷоڹձԭĶЩԭĳۺϣγ˹ĻۡЩֱõʵУָĽУͬʱֽһЩ۽ʵ֤ǹѧγɹ̣ҲǴʵ˼ٵۣȻֽӦʵˣѧһγɹͬķչĲͬ׶μԱȽϺ͹ɣͿԱȽȫرʾѧγɹ̣ 

 ڹʵ׶ 

ָǽһϵ˼ͶķֹЭʼ18һʷ׶Ρһ׶ΪıиֻԾԾؽŹ͹ʵ䷶ΧǼ㷺ġǴδԹҪԺͱҪԼʶĳЩ⡣еĹ֪ʶǴഫʵģƾȥδԾпѧĳ 

 ڹ˼ѿ׶ 

Ǵ18͵19ĩһʷ׶Ρһʱ𽥵ع۲ֹʵԹòһʶھ¡áΡȵĳЩĳЩڣĳЩ⡣һжͣһϵˮƽϣûܹһϵͳءȫؼоǶʶͼɢһЩʷѧѧѧѧѧ֮УֻһЩԹо˵19ǰûγһȽĹϵ 

 γɽ׶ 

Ǵ19ĩ20ͳʼֱһʷ׶Ρһʱĸ߶ȷչͿѧķԾѧǵĲо۲ʵʵʹԹĿѧʶϷḻ;壬Ӷиͳ𽥵γɹۣΪһſѧ 

 ڵĹ͹˼ 

ĻʵԹʹڣ༯ЭͬͶġЧĹʵԼѳǧʷڵһЩĹʵ͹˼ɢڰйȹʷڽ֮С 

ʷصĹŽĹʵ漣Ƶİͱ׹ųǺйﳤǣΰĽģ֤Ĺ֯ǰĽйﳤǣڵʱļ£˺ƴḶ́Ͷǻ۵ĽᾧͬʱҲʷΰĹʵ 

۹֮ʢںܴĳ̶Ӧ鹦׿Խ֯ܣǲȡ˽ΪȨ֯ʽһСзչΪһ۹ڹԪ2ȡͳŷ޺ͱǵĳɹ͵ͳΡ 

̻ڵһιҵ֮ǰͳɹؽ˴ģ֯⡣˰򻮷ֻ֯ڴ˻ֲкܸЧʵְֹܷڸ֯䱸ıԱӶʹרҵԱ¼ƶߵḶֲ́ƻָӵͳһ̻ܹ֮Чؿ5Ͻͽڽ̻ں̶ܴͬõһ֯ʽйϵ 

йع˼أǡʥеһӡϣ(ɫ)˵Ħϣ˰Ѱ˵ū۶ߵĹУҶ߯޶±عףæ飬һҪƶѸڣҪȼȨίιҪרר⾡棬ֻҪύĦλҶ߯޿˵ĹѯԱˡĦõģڳõȨԭԭͬʱҲִеĹԭ 

ϣѧոԻ¼˹ձԡ 

 ͵Ĺʵ˼ 

Ԫ6͵18ͣŷ޴ūĩֱʱѿʱڣƷһķչνġ塱ӹҪ͵ᾭû֯ʽһҵл(Trade Union)ֹҵл(Craft Guild)һǳ֯(Firm organization) ó׵ķչҪó׵Ļ11ͳҵлᡣЩ˵֯ڲܷ⽨ׯ԰Լĳرŷ޵ĺۺó·ߵ;ءȻЩһԷ⽨ׯ԰ѻɵũūҲԼѷ⽨ׯ԰õɣΪҹĹͬ塣 

ڳľۼܿ𹤽ľۼΪׯ԰˶ڵóףԹ۲ƷͬʱҲе໥ŽҪǵڶлʽֹҵл12ͳŷĳˡÿֹҵлᶼ֤ض¢ĳֲƷṩȨ ֯ġǰ󳧡Ϊ˳ʽҪʽϻ(Partnership)ϾӪ(Joint Venture)߶δ˾ǰͣʵ͹˼붼кܴչ15ļҹ֮һ˹(Aresenal of Venice)ڵʱͲˮҵڵĳɱƶȣ˹ķֹ乤Ĺ¡ָӡͼȫȨͨһίԱԤļƻɹˡһʵĳɫҲִ˼ĳ͡ά(Niccolo Machiavelli)16ۡһУͳҡõȨԭ򣺢ȺϿɣȨȺڣھ֯ҪܹڴڣҪھȨǱ֯ʹģ쵼Ȩ֮Ҫܹάȥͱ߱쵼־ҪӰ˼Σ 

 ѧ۵ѿ 

ͺڣ18͵19ڣŷ𽥳Ϊġʱڿ˵ŷ޸ᡢΡáȷ澭䶯ĸʱڣδģʲ׼(Ҫҵ)ķչʱʽӷ⽨ƶ̥ڼֹͥҵռλ𲽱档ʼӢĹҵǻ沿͹ƶȵձ֣ᾭõķչҪӰ졣 

ŹҵԼƶȵķչԼ˾ĹԽԽͻҲкܶʵۼңرǾѧңԽԽ漰йع⡣ܶʵ(Ҫǳ)ܽԼľ飬ͬ̽йع⡣ЩܽᣬΪֵĹ˶˻о˼뷢չҪοסҪٴʹʶʶһžжϵĿѧֵȥ̽оḻͷչԤѧĵλߣ˹ְҵ()ְܡһʱڵࣺһƫ۵оְܡԭһƫڹо 

 йعְܡԭ 

ⷽѧ˵ɢڵʱѧҵһЩЩѧҼҪУǵ˹(Adam Smith)䡶ۡ(1776)ѶŦ(Samuel P. Newman)䡶ξѧԭ(1835)Լ˹ͼء(John Stuart Mill)䡶ξѧԭ(1848)׵¡Ъ(Alfred Marshall)䡶ҵѧԭ(1892)ӹѧĹ۵㿴ЩѧҵȽ顢¡ȱϵͳۻ͸˵漰Ĺ⣬Ҫĸ棺ٹڹ̹ϵڹڷֹ弰ȻԡͶĵֹͶֹ֯Ͷְҵֹ۹ͶЧ빤ʵĹϵνͶЧʵݼȼܹۡڹְܡ 

۵γɾõӢѧҡʲ׼ŵξѧĽܳǵ˹ۡһУͶֹľЧ棬ĸŦЪ˶Գ(ͬʱҲǹ)ҪѡַƲ񡢽йѵˡ񡢹۲г򡢸˼롢гжԲ·жȵȡ 

 йؾĹͷ 

(1)³ʿۼҿ롤˹(Carl Von Clausewitz)Ϊҵֱڴ̵ྺһʽھӹĸҲκδ֯ĹҪ۵£ ٹ֯ıҪǾĵļƻ涨֯ĿꡣڹӦóϲ϶ԣӶּʹ϶Լٵ޶ȵҪȫƻ۾ҪԿѧԤΪݣҪԷֱΪݡ 

(2)ӢѧҲ˹ͱ(Charlers Babbage)ǵ˹Ͷֹ۵Ļϣֽһרҵо1832귢ġҵѧһУרҵֹ빤ʹáʱоɱ¼ⶼ˳ֵǿҪע˵ãɫЧʵӰ죬ӦȵȡǹʷϵһҪס⣬˵Ļԭҡ̨ʽ˷صļ㹤ˣ˳ưͱǡ֮ 

(3)ҵĹʵջ쳧(Soho Foundry)Ƕ֪ظʹΪӶٽ18°ҶĹҵȻ֪ڹϵĳɾ͡1800Ӣ-(Boulton & Watt)Ϲ˾ջ쳧ÿѧҵĹ֮һпѧĹƣֵûҪͶֹרҵʵбȽкʵʵĹ֧취ŽƵļ¼ͳɱƶȡֵ⣬ǶŬԽʱĹûбϵͳΪһſѧ 

塢ѧĲγ 

 ֡˶ıȻԼ 

˶(Ҫɲ־ǡѧ)Ҳһʷһ̣ʱԼ19ĩ2030ʮʱ䡣˶ǶԹҪԵʶԼɴ˶ĶԾ÷չشӰĹ̡ΪЧʺṩһ˼·ͽĿܡ 

һ˶19к20ڵǣҵŷޣһԺġ˶ȴʷȻԵġ 

ҵԺᡢΡáı仯ͷչԼ֯ģǵļֵ˼롢ʶĻгֵ¸һ޴ƶʹӹ 

19ĩϱսϳūƣṩ˴Ͷ͹г1862һµĳʽϹɷݹ˾(Limited Liability Joint Stock Company)1890ձ߾˿ȶʱ崦չʱڡҵֽŷ޴½ʹƷáͶ䡢ƶȵõ˷չӶʹʶҪרҵĹԱԱ塱ϴ龺ƶȣǡ桱˶𣬴ʹȥоµĹ◗ʹϵڽ̸ĸϽͽӵи˲Ʋ˴¹̻ҵ˾ƷĶӪķɢСģ¶͵Ĺ𽥱רҵ͵Ĺ棻Ľ˹˼ѧľ޴仯Ѱ֮ǿʵ 

ǣʱҵǳ󣬹ʱ䳤Чʵ͡Ҳͣȱѵδ̼Ͷʡ֮ʱӪԴͳֹҵʽΪص㣬ʹõķչҵеͶԶԶڵʱĿѧɾͺ͹⾭ṩĿԡ׼أ๤ĲԶԶܴﵽ60Ķ١ 

ʱģĹ˾·˾ڿĿ͹Ҫ·չǳѸ٣ȱܶ࣬¹ʲϣЧʼ͡19°Ҷ·־ı༭ն(Henry Pool)ڷ·ϵͳӳһУڹƶ¹ʵԭָ·ЧӦͨȷ֯ϵͳйһֹ֯ϵͳ㱨ͨѶϵͳƶϸĹƶȣԱʹܼʱ˽·ȡִʩ¹ʷ⣬ڹҪ˵أҪʹ֯ЭŽᾫҪȡµ쵼ʽԿ˷쵼ʽīسɹ뵥̰ëȵȡնΪһλΪġѧΪѧϵͳȹ۵γɴһĻڹ˼˺ܴס 

ҵдڵ·ҵ͹˾ģԺҲһϵ⣺Чʡ̼ȵȡеʦѧ(The American Society of Mechanical EngineerдΪASME)ΪЩⷢһĻãԱ(Henry Downe)1886귢ġΪѧҵĹʦ鷢˶ѹӹѧչΪһѧơ᲻õ̩ɵķԣͺͬһʵ۵˼뷽Щ˳Ϊѧ ǣмʶĹҵҺ͹ʦʶѧĸԾ÷չ壬γΪһ˶ͨһֶκͷʽᡢڹ㷺ѧǹ˶ġθ߳ 

һ1911궫·˾Ʊ۵֤1912Ϊ̩޾е֤()ʱ·˾Ҫ߿ͻ˼ۣ⵽͹ڷԡݼҵίԱΪ˾һ֤ᣬڷʦά˹(Brandeis)̩޵11λʦֻ֤Ҫÿѧļͷ·˾ƱͬӯڷʤߣͬʱҲѧᡣ ڶθ߳1920ͨ˾ĸ顣ʱ˾ٵգС˹¡(Alfred P. Sloan Jr.)ܾԹ˾˴ĸ闗ʵС߿µķȨơġ˾ָܿԪĲǼǹ֯ҲʶķΧҪöࡣ 

θ߳1924?932÷Լݵ˾ɣе(Ľ)䶯Ҫע˵أԿǹѧ̱֮һһҪת۵㡣30˴Σ˶ܵӰ졣ǰʮ˶ıǵĹ˼ϡϵת䣬ԾõķչҪá˶Ϊѧγɺͷչ춨˻ᳫ ĲձܵĹ۵㡰桢СѾС˸ 

 ̩롰ѧ 

׵ˡ˹塤̩(Frederick Winslow Taylor)ѳһеʦͥѧҵϹѧϵۼѧ1875꣬һСеͽ1878תѳ׵߶(Midvale Steel Works)еˣڸóһֱɵ1897꣬ڴڼ䣬ڹŬͻܿȺΪԱС鳤ʦͼκܹʦҵѧϰĻϻ˻еѧʿѧλ׵߶ʵУеʱҵֲÿѧйùͶƣضͶʵӰ졣ȱѵûȷĲõĹߡⶼӰͶʵߡΪ˸Ľ׵߶и顣 

1898?901䣬ܹڲ˾(Bethlehem Steel Company)¹оȡһָٹ߸ֵר1901Դ󲿷ʱѯдݽȹһ׹ۗѧͨƵġ̩ơΪѧ͹Ĵ˹ס 

̩޵о׵߶Ĺʱʼġ⾭ʹпڹһϵͳоͶ֯⡣鲢Чʲڹǡ͵󣬱ֽ1881꿪ʼһ顱ɴоÿ˹յĺʹĳ֮󣬸ƶһ׹׼ԼΪ׵߶ǹʱоĿˡ 

   1898̩ܹ꣬ڲ˾ڼ䣬ġ顱͡顱飬ҹ˾¯ĲƷ˰Լ75неġһоĽ˲ѵ˹ˣʹİ3ϵͳоϵĸӦΪ⣻оֲܹﵽ׼صµ״⣬ͬʱо˸ԭװµ÷⡣⻹ÿһ׶ľȷʱоӶóһһˡÿӦɵĹһоĽǷǳɫģϳͶ400?00˼Ϊ140ˣƽÿÿĲ16ߵ59֣ÿ˵չʴ1.15Ԫߵ1.88Ԫ 

̩׵߶ʼеĽ26֮ãеĸ3ϣ80ĸõĹмܹķԼ15Ԫܴ߽ĸٹ߸֣ȡ˸ֻʵתٺͽԼ׼ϡ 

Щ鼯ڡʱоߡϺ͹ȱ׼оЩɹƶÿձȽϿѧĹΪЩı׼ߡ 

̩һڡѧŲһʼͱܣ۵ۡǣ1912ж̩ƺƵ֤ᣬ̩֤˾ʵ֤ʣѧԭķ˼ķ졣 

 ѧ۵Ҫ  

1ѧЧ 

̩ΪҪƶпѧݵĹ˵ġչͱйʱͶоѡҼĹˣǵÿһÿһʹõʱ¼ϱҪϢʱʱ䣬͵óɸҪʱ䣬ݴ˶һˡչνԭ 

2ΪͶʣΪѡһĹˡ 

νһĹˣ̩Ϊÿһ͵Ĺ˶ҵĳЩʹΪһģЩȫЩԸˡƶʱ̩ԡһĹڲ佡άϳ޵ٶȡΪ׼ġٶȲͻΪԹܳάٶΪ̩Ϊȫ¹Ļԭǣʹ˵ͬϣֵΪԱҵʵĹѵΪһĹˣŬ 

3Ҫʹձ׼Ĳʹñ׼ĹߡͲϣʹҵ׼ν׼ԭ 

̩ΪÿѧķԹ˵ĲߡͶϢʱĴ䣬İźҵĲõȽзֲأѸõؽγһõķǹֵҪְ 

4ʵд̼ԵļƼʱƶ 

Ϊ˹Ŭɶ̩һԭּƼƶȰݣ(1)ͨʱоͷƶһпѧݵĶ׼(2)һֽƼơݼԸƶȣƼʰɶĳ̶ȶ磬ֻɶ80Ͱ80ʸꣻ˶120120ʸꣻ(3)֧Ķǹ˶ְλݹ˵ʵʹֶǸݹ֧ʡ̩Ϊܿ˷󣬸Ҫܵ˵ĻԣӶʹ˴Ͷʡ 

5˺͹涼ʶЧʶ˫ҪһΡ໥ЭΪͬͶʶŬ 

ǰܵУÿÿƽ16ߵ59֣ÿյĹʴ1.15Ԫߵ1.88Ԫÿֵİ˷Ѵ7.5ֽ3.3֣Թ˵ĵǳɱĽͣԹ˵ĵǹʵߣ̩Ϊ˫СЭĻ 

6Ѽƻְְִֿܷͬԭľ鹤Ϊѧ 

ν鹤ָÿʲôʹʲôߵȣԼĻ˵ľ̩ȷּƻְְִܣרŵļƻµоΪͲṩѧݣƶѧĶͱ׼ĲߣⶨƻָʾȽϡ׼͡ʵЧĿƵȹֳĹˣִеְܣռƻƶĲָʾʹù涨ı׼ߣʵʵĲиı䡣 

7ʵСְܹơ 

̩ʵСְܹĹϸ֣ʹеĹֻеһְֹܡƳ˸ְܹԭһĸڼƻţĸڳ䡣ÿְܹĳһĹְܷΧڣֱ˷̩Ϊְܹ֡ơŵ㣺(1)Թߵѵѵʱ٣(2)ߵְȷЧʣ(3)ҵƻɼƻⶨҲѱ׼ְֳָֻܹӼල˷ĹҲԴ½ϸӵĹӶҵáʵһͬʱְܼܹĶͷ쵼ҡԣְܹơûеõƹ㡣̩޵ְܹ˼ΪԺְܲŵĽ͹רҵṩ˲ο 

8֯Ĺʵԭ 

̩޵Ϊģϴҵ֯͹Ӧԭ򣬼ҵĸ߼ԱеһճȨ¼ԱȥԼֻľͼලȨԭΪݵĹԭԺչΪϵķȨԭʵҵƹơ 

̩ڹҪУƼơ(1895)(1903)ѧԭ(аڹϵ֤ʣ1912)̩ͨһϵеܽ˼ʮоĳɹԼڹʵľ飬һЩԭͷϵͳγˡѧ̩ۡڹ۷ҪĿԹΪִ۵춨˻ĽܳףΪѧ֮ƺŲĹϡ 

̩޵ԼʱɱػӰ쵽СѧоķЧʡ˼·ȣʹԹϸ߲εоԽ٣ҲԵԵò㡣ѧۻơ̩ơҲ̩һ˵ķӢѧֵ¶(Lyndall F.Urwick)ָģ̩ĹǷĳȫµĶǰ19ӢչĶۺ϶ɵһ˼롣ʹһϵ״ʵһѧϵ֮Ϊѧ 

 ѧ۵ 

̩޵Ŀѧ20ͳõ˹㷺ĴӦãӰܴͬʱԺУҲڹʵ۵оḻͷչˡѧۡбȽУ 

1Ρ˼(Carl George Barth) 

ѧҡ̩硢ܵĺߣΪѧ˺ܴסǸѧңоѧ͹ʽΪ̩޵Ĺʱоооṩݡ 

2(Henry L. Gantt) 

ѧҡеʦ̩ڴƹѧʱܺߣ̩ϣʹѧ۵õ˽һķչرġͼ(Gantt Chart)ǵʱƻͿЧߣΪִPERT(ƻ)춨˻ʯˡƼơ˰֧б֤Ĺ⣬ָ轱겻ɶģԵõԭչʣƶȲ̩޵ĲƼƵĲ㡣⣬ػӹ˵أǿҵ͸˵쵼ʽԺ˼ʹϵкܴӰ졣 

3˹(Frank B. Gilbreth and Lillian M. Gilbreth) 

ʦˡ˹(ѧʿ˹)ڶо͹򻯷⹱סǲֶνʱ붯оٹ˵ĲֽΪ17ֻ˹֮Ϊtherbligs(ּΪ˹Ӣĸĵд)ӰƬķ¼ͷ˵ĲѰҺѶ߹ЧʡͨЩֶΣǾ˹˲ʱĳЩҪĶදγ˿׼ȷĹ̩޲ͬǣ˹ڹпʼע⵽˵أһ̶ͼЧʺ˵Ĺϵ˹ЧʣͨͶеĶ˷Чʣǳ֮Ϊרҡ 

4ֶ١Ĭɭ(Harrington Emerson) 

ڵĿѧоߣ1903̩ͬнܵϵطչ˿ѧԭЧ˽϶оʵЧʵ12ԭ򣬼ȷĿģעֲĹϵ̣ع£ݹƽ׼ȷʱԵļ¼ߺˡơඨ͹ȣ׼10 ׼11׼12Чʡ֯棬ֱߺͲı֯ʽȵȡ⣬ְѡѵضӰ졢ʱⶨȷҲ˹ס̩޵׷෽治̶ͬȵطչˡѧۺͷܵ˵Ǻ̩һоķΧʼûгͶҵļ̣ûгķΧ 

 Լ 

Լ(Henry Fayol)ˣ1860ʥ۰ҵѧԺҵ뿵?ComentryFourchambault)ɿұ˾Ϊһɿ󹤳ʦڴ˶ȹְҵġӲɿ󹤳ʦο󾮾ֱ˾ܾһ̼Ա𽥳ΪרҵߣʵγԼĹ˼͹ۣԹѧγɺͷչ˾޴Ĺס 

Լ1916ҵһһ͹˼ܽᡣΪĹȻԴҵΪо󣬵˿Ӧڹҵ֮⣬̻ᡢ塢֯ԼҵԣһΪԼǵһͲһ۵Ĺѧҡ۸°ݣ 

1ҵĻְ 

ԼָκҵֻĻֻ֮һֻǣټ(ָ졢ӹȻ)ҵ(ָۡȻ)۲(ָʽĳ)ܰȫ(ָ豸άְȫȻ)ݻƻ(̴ָ桢ɱͳơ)޹(ְƻָ֯ӡЭͿְܻ)ֻУںĵλҵҪͬģҵĻҲҪ 

2Լ14ԭ 

ԼԼĹ飬ɳ14ԭ 

(1)ֹΪⲻǾѧоЧʹͶ⣬Ҳڸֻ塢֯нйزٵĹ 

(2)ְȨְΪְȨǷʩȨҪӵְȨְ໥ϵģʹְȨͬʱеӦΣȨȨ֯ϵȱݡ 

(3)ɡǹģǶЭءЩЭԴﵽӡרġɾԼ˵ǱΪĿġ˵֯гԱͨɵЭԼ֯ڵΪпƣҵĳɹΪҪҪ 

(4)ͳһָӡָ֯ÿһֻܷһϼ 

(5)ͳһ쵼ָһ֯ĿͬĻֻһ쵼һƻ 

(6)档˺С治ܳԽ֯档߲һʱԱ취ʹһ 

(7)˱ꡣ֧ķʽҪƽԱ͹ܵ㡣 

(8)лҪָȨļлɢĳ̶⡣Ҫݸ֯ʡԱȣȫ桱ּг̶ȡ 

(9)ȼָУһһӦýϵȷְȨȼϵУִȨ·ҲϢݵһ²Ҫ׵Υ£Ϊ˿˷ͳһָӶϢ󣬷ԼƳһ֡塱ҲСԼš(Fayol bridge) 

(10)ָ֯еÿԱӦù涨Եĸλ˽λ˳ְ 

(11)ԱʴȡƽͿʹϼֳĺҳϡ 

(12)ԱȶԱϱ䶯òõЧ 

(13)״֯ڸԱҪԴȪ 

(14)ŽᾫָעⱣֺάÿһŽᡢЭǢĹϵر֮໥ϵ 

Լǿָ14ԭڹв;ԵĶȫǳ߶⡣ͬ£Ӳʹͬһԭ飬ӦעֿɱصӰ졣ˣЩԭģǿӦһҪģıڶǡһźյҪǻۡ顢жϺע߶(Ҳִ硱) 

  ԼΪ˵ĹͨãҲӦһѧУȻڳõΪˣһױȽȫĹۣ״ָ۾ձԣڸ֮֯УѹΪһſѧѧУſγ̣ռʹڹ֪ʶ 

Լڹ̺͹֯۵ĿоرǹڹְܵĻԼԭԺĹозǳԶӰ졣⣬һλͲһ۵ߣΰĹң˳Ϊ֮ 

 Τ֯ϵ 

˹Τ(Max Weber)ǵ¹ѧңԷѧѧѧʷѧڽѧй㷺ȤڹϵоҪ֯۷棬Ҫν֯ϵۡ⼯зӳĴ֯뾭֯һСһ۵ĺ֯Ҫְְͨλͨ˻ϮλҲʶ쵼õҪԡġġָϺҪִָЧ֯ʽ֮ǡġΪһЩص㣺 

1ȷķֹ 

ÿְλȨӦȷĹ涨Աְҵרҵзֹ 

2϶µĵȼϵͳ 

֯ڵĸְλյȼԭзţγ϶µĵȼϵͳ 

3Ա 

ԱҪȫְҪͨʽԺͽѵʵС 

4ְҵԱ 

Աй̶нĹ涨ǨƶȣһְҵԱ 

5عͼ 

Աϸ֯й涨ĹͼԼ³ 

6֯Ա֮Ĺϵ 

֯Ա֮Ĺϵȫ׼ΪְָֻλϵܸеӰ졣ֹе̬ȣ֯ڲ֯Ĺϵ 

ΤΪָ߶Ƚṹġʽġ˸񻯵֯ϵǽǿƿƵĺֶΣǴﵽĿꡢЧʵЧʽ֯ʽھȷԡȶԡԺͿɿԷ涼֯ʽеĸֹʱĸִ̻֯ᡢһӡҵ͸塣Τһۣ̩ޡԼһֲ䣬ԺĹѧǣ֯ѧкܴӰ죬Ϊ֮֯ 

 ɵµԾЭϵͳ 

˹ءɵ(Chester Z. Barnard)ĸ߼Ա͹ѧң֯о˺ܴסΪ֯һʶؼЭĸֻϵͳؼǾԱÿڿ˷ʺʱԾؽЭ֯ԾЭһϵͳϵͳܷڴڡչϵͳЧʺЧ˵ЭȻָͨʽʵֻ֣о߱ĸ˲ŻȨٸڸΪͬ֯Ŀһµġ۸ΪͬԼĸǷϵġִܸ 

֯Ϊʽ֯ͷʽָ֯ʽ֯ΪһЭϵͳۼĸߵͺ͹ģĴСҪأЭԸͬĿꡢϢϵͬʱɵ»ָʽ֯лһֲͬйصϵӶγһĿϰߺ׼ε֯ʽ֯Ļʽ֯˫ãвӰ죬ֿܴʹ֯ЧʵõߡɵµһΪ֮Ϊϵͳѧɵ۵춨˻ 

 ˹زѧ빤ҵЧ 

   ˹زǵ¹ˣҵѧĴʼ֮һרҵѧҽѧʵѧȴܸȤԺȤתѧڹҵеá1912ڡѧ빤ҵЧʡһǿ˵Ŀڷ֣ 

(1)ÿ˵Ժʲô 

(2)ʲô״̬²ʹÿܴﵽЧʡ 

(3)ʲôķʽ̼յǽԴﵽĲЧʡ 

ڵоֲָѧеӦüֵʹѧ˲ҵ硣ÿһϣָѧӦڼЧӡȥʱҵѧѾΪѧеһҪˡ 

 ÷Լɣ 

Ρ١÷Լ(George Elton Mayo)ԭĴǵΪѧҡ1924?932䣬оίԱ˾÷ԼĻɣ (Hawthorne Experiment)˾ĻɣΪⶨйضЧʵӰ̶ȶеһϵ飬ɴ˲˼ʹϵѧ˵ĸ׶Σ 

һ׶Σ(1924?927)ѡһ˷Ϊ飺һΪ顱Ⱥı乤ǿȣùڲͬǿ¹һΪ顱ʼάֲ¹ϣͨóȶʵӰ죬֣ȵı仯ʼûʲôӰ졣ƺʧܸաóۣ(1)ֻӰ칤Чʵһ΢أ(2)ǣ̫࣬ԿƣκһӰԲӰ޷׼ȷ 

ڶ׶Σ̵װ(19278?9284)ֹּı䶯СʵӰ죬ԱܹЧؿӰ칤ЧءͨϹӦʱ䡢Ͷʡ뷽ʽȸضԹЧӰʵ飬۸α仯ӵġضҲûرӰ죬ƺڶĸı䣬ʹ˹̬Ҳ仯ӡ 

׶Σģķ(1928?931)ĻϽһչȫ˾Χղʣ2˴ΣýͬκһλԱĹЧܵ˵Ӱ족оĽ׶Ρ 

Ľ׶Σ߰߹(1931?932)ԼƼƴ̼ͼγɡ֡ԡ֡ѹЧʡ˾ָǹ涨Ĳ׼Ǻ7312ӵ㣬ɵֻ6000?600ӵ㡣鷢֣˼ȲΪ䵱֡Ҳ겻ɶɡ֡ǴﵽΪǡȥĲʱͻԶиԭǣСγĬΪ淶Ҫ̫࣬ǡ˾Ҫ̫٣ǡӦ߼๤κλͬ£ǡߡӦͼԱ˱־£Ӧ£ΪǺ쵼ȵȡԭһ±׼ٶߣʧҵΪٶͬ顣һ׶ε飬ˡɣЧӦ»ĺȤԵ½ϼѵĳɼڳʼ׶ˡ 

ͨĸ׶ʱ8Ļɣ飬÷ԼʶǵЧʲҪܵ桢صӰ죬ҪܵỷȷӰ죬۵Ļ൱ģԡѧֻỷԹ˵Ӱ˵һش 

ݻɣ飬÷Լ1933ˡҵ˵⡷һ飬ŵ۲ͬ¹۵㣬ҪΪ¼档 

(1)ǡˡǵ׷ǮġˡΪϵͳԱǮǴ̼ԵΨһǻᡢصȷγɵĶЧиӰ졣 

(2)ҵгˡʽ֮֯⣬šʽַ֯ʽ֯ҵԱڹͬĹУھйͬγɵķʽ塣֯ĸ顢淶ųԱΪŵ۽עʽ֯ãǺܲġʽ֯ڣͬʽ֯໥ģʵкܴӰ졣 

(3)͵쵼ְͨȡӣ߹˵ġʿӶﵽЧʵĿġʵҪȡڹ˵ʿĻԡЭ񣬶ʿĸߵͣȡرȺϵԹ˵̶ȣĹǷϼͬϡ̶ԽߣʿҲԽߡЧҲԽߡԣ쵼ְʿ͹ְͨʹʽ֯ľ͹˵ķʽ֮֯䱣ƽ⡣ͿԽ֮ҵᡱìܺͳͻЧʡ÷Լ˵˼ʹϵѧ˵˹͹۵һ򣬲ֲ˹ŵ۵Ĳ㣬ΪԺΪѧķչ춨˻ 

 Ϊѧ 

ΪѧӦڹѧҪǶԹеΪԼЩΪԭзооݰ˵ıԺҪΪĶرе˼ʹϵ(쵼֮ͬĹϵ)ΪѧڵڶսԺķչҪĸ棺 

(1)˵ҪͶۣ 

(2)ڹеġԡۣ 

(3)쵼ʽۣ 

(4)ҵзʽ֯Լ˵Ĺϵۡ 

ڹѧӦõйݽڱԺйƪм顣 

ӻɣ鿪ʼġ˼ʹϵоΪѧ۵оѧ(Чѧ)ȷоⲻΪ۵ķչṩĶʵʵĹҲ̵Ӱ죬ͬʱڷչҲõϵĲƣӶҲչ˹Ϊһſѧһ 




